Improving the therapist's metacognition and capacity to intersubjectively attune with a patient with psychosis through the exploration of the therapist's developmental history: a case report.

Clinical literature emphasizes how symptoms of psychosis can be efficiently targeted by psychological treatments. The most well-known approach to these symptoms is cognitive-behavioral therapy; but in the last few decades also other approaches are enriching the landscape, focusing on the dysfunctions in mentalization or metacognition, a spectrum of mental activities involving thinking about one's own and others' mental states. This huge amount of theoretical reflection and empirical research focused on the implementation of treatments does not seem to be associated with an attention to the inner world of the therapist who relates to the patient with psychosis; for example, to the impact of the therapist's developmental history on the therapeutic relationship. In this paper the authors are inspired by an intersubjective perspective, according to which although the treatment is for the patient's benefit, both the patient's and the therapist's developmental history and psychological organization are equally relevant for understanding the clinical exchange. On this basis, the authors make a "parallel" analysis of the clinical case of a young woman with symptoms of psychosis (i.e., persecutory delusions, auditory verbal hallucinations, social withdrawal) and its supervision process. They show how the therapeutic relationship can be significantly conditioned by the therapist's developmental history; and how a process of supervision focused on the exploration of the traumatic elements of this history can effectively promote the therapist's metacognitive capabilities, a functional patient-therapist intersubjective attunement, and a good clinical outcome.

Selfhood and alterity: schizophrenic experience between Blankenburg and Tatossian.

This paper presents a critical comparison between two phenomenological accounts of schizophrenic experience: on the one side, Blankenburg's seminal work on the basal disturbance (Grundstörung) of schizophrenia as loss of natural self-evidence (Natürlichen Selbstverständlichkeit); on the other side, Tatossian's insight, briefly elaborated in a lecture presented in Heidelberg in 1994 and largely forgotten by the relevant literature. Whereas the former mainly develops an intersubjective reading of schizophrenia, the latter suggests an intrasubjective understanding. Indeed, for Blankenburg, schizophrenic experience can be broadly characterized as a progressive impoverishment of our rootedness in the social world, leading to derealization and depersonalization. In this respect, Tatossian takes schizophrenic autism not as the effect of a loss of originary sociality but as the result of a deeper disproportion. For Tatossian, schizophrenia is characterized, ultimately, by a basic self-disorder or alteration that consists in the breakdown of the twofold dimension of transcendental subjectivity, encompassing both constituting consciousness and phenomenologizing onlooker. In this sense, his interpretation of schizophrenic disorders is closer to the ipseity-disturbance model. I show that while Blankenburg and Tatossian share a dialectical understanding of schizophrenia by pointing to basic modifications of the "transcendental organization" of experience, their divergence originates from a different reading of the phenomenological epoché. Except for the clinical perspective, the point of contention between Blankenburg and Tatossian seems to concern their use of internal resources of the Husserlian phenomenology. By presenting the philosophical presuppositions of their analyses, I discuss two key figures of phenomenological psychopathology by showing how their debate on the meaning of schizophrenic experience can be reframed by looking at the relationship between transcendental subjectivity and intersubjectivity in Husserl's phenomenology.

How people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder experience relationships to oneself and to others. A qualitative in-depth study.

BACKGROUND: The first-person experiences of people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) is an important area of research. It can support clinical and ethical practice, and nuance and expand on insights offered by diagnostic and treatment-oriented research approaches. In this study, we aimed to develop knowledge about how persons who were recently diagnosed with BPD experience being in relationships with themselves and others. METHODS: We conducted in-depth life-world interviews with 12 women recently diagnosed with BPD. The interviews focused on their lived experiences of relationships to self and others. All participants gave their informed consents to participate. We analysed the data with a structured approach to reflexive thematic analysis, conducted as a team-based approach. RESULTS: We extracted an overarching theme, "Reaching for firm holdings", that is the most abstract interpretation of participants' experiences. The five subordinate themes ("Captive of emotions", "Keeping undeservedness at bay", "Distrusting oneself", "Dependence as stability" and "The uncertainty of reaching out") are specific constituents of the overarching theme, and provide detail and variations across individual accounts. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the experience of relationship to self and others of people recently diagnosed with BPD entails feeling insecure, unsafe and frightened. We report five themes that describe ways participants seek to cope with this situation. The results indicate that their experiences encompass turning to others, or to objects, for feelings of safety. As such, the experience of relationship to self and others in the context of receiving a BPD diagnosis seemed to entail finding and evolving strategies to protect a vulnerable self. Self-harm, suicide attempts and addiction all seemed to be ways of handling and tolerating chaotic and frightful emotions. One major limitation of our study is that only people who identified as female were recruited to participate in the study.

What can we experience and report on a rapidly presented image? Intersubjective measures of specificity of freely reported contents of consciousness.

Background: A majority of previous studies appear to support a view that human observers can only perceive coarse information from a natural scene image when it is presented rapidly (<100ms, masked). In these studies, participants were often forced to choose an answer from options that experimenters preselected. These options can underestimate what participants experience and can report on it. The current study aims to introduce a novel methodology to investigate how detailed information participants can report after briefly seeing a natural scene image.     Methods: We used a novel free-report paradigm to examine what people can freely report following a rapidly presented natural scene image (67/133/267ms, masked). N = 670 online participants typed up to five words to report what they saw in the image together with confidence of the respective responses. We developed a novel index, Intersubjective Agreement (IA). IA quantifies how specifically the response words were used to describe the target image, with a high value meaning the word is not often reported for other images. Importantly, IA eliminates the need for experimenters to preselect response options. Results: The words with high IA values are often something detailed (e.g., a small object) in a particular image. With IA, unlike commonly believed, we demonstrated that participants reported highly specific and detailed aspects of the briefly (even at 67ms, masked) shown image. Further, IA is positively correlated with confidence, indicating metacognitive conscious access to the reported aspects of the image. Conclusion: These new findings challenge the dominant view that the content of rapid scene experience is limited to global and coarse gist. Our novel paradigm opens a door to investigate various contents of consciousness with a free-report paradigm.

The Role of Sex in Intimate Relationships: An Exploration Based on Martin Buber's Intersubjective Theory.

On the basis of Buber's distinction between "I-It" and "I-Thou" relationships, this paper explores the role of sex in intimate relationships by analyzing research in the fields of psychoanalysis and attachment theory. In the "I-Thou" relationship mode, both parties are often able to fully participate in the current sexual behavior and respond wholeheartedly. When there is incoordination (or even conflict) in sexual activities, they can negotiate sincerely, and can even repair the relationship if it breaks down. In the "I-It" relationship mode, sex exists more as a tool to achieve a certain purpose (e.g., economic guarantee, sense of security and sense of control), and the intersubjective relatedness is abnormal: either the boundary will be blurred and others become my vassal (control strategy) or I become others' vassal (compliance strategy); or the relatedness will be cut off, leading to loneliness or false independence (avoidance strategy).

The Inanimate Third: Going Beyond Psychodynamic Approaches for Remote Psychotherapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the field of psychotherapy to the need to provide treatment remotely. We discuss the question of whether remote therapy can be curative and if the electronic device used to manage these sessions unites or separates the therapist and the patient. We term the electronic device as 'the inanimate third' in the therapeutic process and discuss the objectivity of the device as opposed to the subjective emotional processes involved. We deal with emotional themes relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated social distancing practices, such as longing, loneliness, the perception of the future and the lost past, and the efficacy of the therapeutic stimulation of fantasy and hope. We also evaluate the possibility of existing transference and countertransference processes while working remotely. We suggest the term 'social paradox' to describe the situation in which an objective entity such as the digital media symbolizes both distance and intimacy as well as separation and unity. We conclude by stating that containment of the social paradox by the therapeutic dialogue is possible as the existence of the dialogue eliminates elements of the paradox.

Public Service and Public Happiness: Inferences From Big Weibo Datasets for 31 Chinese Provincial Governments.

The change of public service has usually been considered to affect public happiness. However, since the publication of the Easterlin Paradox, the causal relationship between public service and public happiness has been furiously questioned by public affairs researchers. It has been documented through resolving the four causal factors of public happiness within public administration, new public administration, new public management, and governance that public-service-driven public happiness may be attributed to four happiness dimensions: Objective Reality, Subjective Reality, Inter-Subjective Reality, and Virtual Reality. This article reports the results of significance tests of the relationship between public service and public happiness from analyses of large datasets collected from Weibo systems in 31 Chinese provincial governments from 2010 to 2020. The analyses show that the public service change during this period has not yet led to satisfactory improvement in all four happiness dimensions. Finally, we propose strategies for governments to modify public services to enhance public happiness.

Relações sociais e direitos na narrativa de adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa / Social relations and rights in the narrative of teenagers in compliance with socio-educational measures / Relaciones sociales y derechos en la narrativa de adolescentes en cumplimiento de medidas socioeducativas

O artigo discute as relações intersubjetivas que atuam na vida de jovens em conflito com a lei e como tais relações os constituem como sujeitos de direitos. O ponto de partida foi a escuta compreensiva dos próprios adolescentes, em uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com jovens em regime de privação de liberdade. Tomou-se como objeto de pesquisa o processo de elaboração de uma obra escrita e ilustrada por adolescentes que cumprem medida socioeducativa. A pesquisa foi baseada em redações elaboradas por eles, no contexto do 4º Concurso de Redação da Defensoria Pública da União (DPU). Situações de violação de direitos foram identificadas no discurso dos sujeitos, organizadas em núcleos de significado da linguagem e discutidas à luz da Psicologia Histórico-cultural, estabelecendo-se um diálogo com Le Breton, Vigotski e autores que discutem vulnerabilidades e socioeducação.

The article discusses the intersubjective relationships that play in the lives of young people in conflict with the law and how such relationships constitute them as subjects of rights. The starting point was the comprehensive listening of the adolescents themselves, in a qualitative research, carried out with young people in a regime of deprivation of liberty. For this, the research object was the process of elaboration of a work written and illustrated by adolescents who fulfill a socio-educational measure, which was based on essays prepared by them, in the context of the 4th Essay Contest of the Public Defender's Office of the Union (DPU). Situations of violence and violation of rights, were identified in the subjects' discourse, organized into language meaning cores and discussed in the light of Socio-historical Psychology, establishing a dialogue with Le Breton, Vigotski and authors who discuss vulnerabilities and socio-education.

El artículo discute las relaciones intersubjetivas que actúan en la vida de los jóvenes en conflicto con la ley y cómo dichas relaciones los convierten en sujetos de derecho. El punto de partida fue la escucha integral de los propios adolescentes, en una investigación cualitativa, realizada con jóvenes en régimen de privación de libertad. Para ello, el objeto de investigación fue el proceso de elaboración de una obra escrita e ilustrada por adolescentes que cumplen una medida socioeducativa, la cual se basó en ensayos elaborados por ellos, en el marco del 4° Concurso de Ensayo de la Defensoría Pública de Unión (UPD). Fueron identificadas situaciones de violencia y violación de derechos en el discurso de los sujetos, organizadas en núcleos de sentido del lenguaje y discutidas a la luz de la Psicología Sociohistórica, entablando un diálogo con Le Breton, Vigotski y autores que discuten vulnerabilidades y socioeducación.

Inner Conflict of Personality in the Paradigm of Existential-Phenomenological Ontology.

This article analyzes the problem of internal personality conflicts from the the standpoint of existential-phenomenological ontology. The article presents a theoretical substantiation of phenomenological ontology as a nonclassical paradigm in the human sciences to solve existential conflicts in personality. It is noted that the main models of internal conflict do not give a satisfactory answer to the question of psychogenesis and psychological mechanisms for resolving existential conflicts. It is emphasized that it is perspective to analyze internal conflicts, relying upon phenomenological ontology and the existential approach. The main provisions of phenomenological ontology presented in the works of Husserl and Heidegger, as the founders of this scientific direction, are considered in a psychological context. A classification of existential experiences of a difficult life world is proposed, depending on the intra- and inter-orientation of mental processes. The concepts of the self-closing life world, ambivalent Other, ambivalent intentionality, spontaneous involvement are introduced, making it possible to substantiate a conceptual model for resolving existential personality conflicts. It is concluded that the resolution of existential conflicts is associated with the feeling of an intersubjective life-world, in which the ambivalent Other and spontaneous bodily involvement play a primary role.

Cuidar del otro. Palabra, alter y la salud mental en tiempos de pandemia / Take care of the other. Word alter and mental health in times of pandemic

Este texto presenta una reflexión acerca de la función de la palabra como acción de cui-dado del otro durante la pandemia actual. Se contrastan dos dimensiones: la afectación del discurso y del sujeto político durante el confinamiento y las formas en las que la pa-labra tomó fuerza para contribuir a la generación de vínculo y al cuidado intersubjetivo

This text presents a reflection on the function of the word as an action of care for the other during the current pandemic. Two dimensions are contrasted: the affectation of the discourse and the political subject during the confinement and the ways in which the word took force to contribute to the generation of bonding and intersubjective care

Analyzing from Home: The Virtual Space as a Flexible Container.

This manuscript explores the experience of teleanalysis for analyst and patient during the COVID-19 pandemic through the lenses of embodied intersubjective relating, the neurobiology of social engagement, and technologically mediated human interaction. At the beginning of the pandemic, many analytic dyads were embarking on remote work for the first time. More than a year later, we are facing the question of whether we will ever return to in-person work. In order to unpack this question, it is useful to consider how in-person analysis and in-person interaction more generally differ from remote interaction. Multiple nonverbal modalities are responsible for affective coregulation in intersubjective relating, including voice, body, and shared physical space. While conscious awareness tends to concentrate on auditory and visual inputs, other sensory inputs also impact affective experience. The impact of physical distance upon psychoanalytic treatment is compared with that of the couch. The shift in the balance of power introduced by teleanalysis is considered. Analyzing and being analyzed from home bend the frame of psychoanalysis, complicating notions about distance and intimacy and opening new spaces in which meaning can be cocreated. The COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity for psychoanalysis to engage more deeply with the questions raised by teleanalysis in order to enhance our understanding of its impact on treatment.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Are Psychodynamic Theories and the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders Finally Going to Meet?

Narcissistic Personality Disorder is the new borderline personality disorder of our current era. There have been recent developments on narcissism that are certainly worthwhile examining. Firstly, relational and intersubjective psychoanalysts have been rethinking the underlying concepts of narcissism, focusing on the development of self and relations to others. Secondly, in the DSM-5, the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) was presented for a dimensional evaluation of the severity of personality disorder pathology. The combined dimensional and trait conceptualization of NPD opened the door to new integrated diagnostic perspectives, including both internal and interpersonal functioning. Finally, Pincus and Lukowitsky encourage clinicians to use a hierarchical model of pathological narcissism, as it opens up opportunities for shared points of interest in empirical research from different scholarly perspectives. As for most non-psychodynamic clinicians and researchers the DSM-5 clearly bears dominant weight in their work, we will take the AMPD model for NPD as our point of reference. We will discuss the narcissist's unique pattern of self-impairments in identity and self-direction, and of interpersonal disfunctioning (evaluated by assessing empathy and intimacy). Subsequently, we will examine how contemporary psychodynamic theories and the hierarchical model of Pincus and Lukowitsky additionally inform or contradict the AMPD. For us, one of the big advantages of the AMPD is the use of structured clinical evaluations of disturbances of the self and interpersonal functioning and the dimensional evaluation of severity. As psychodynamically oriented therapists, we are enthusiastic about the opportunities for inclusion of psychodynamic concepts, but we also discuss a number of sticking points.

Animal research unbound: The messiness of the moral and the ethnographer's dilemma.

Interspecies intimacy defines an inescapable reality of lab animal research. This essay is an effort to disentangle this reality's consequences-both in and outside the lab-as framed by the quandaries of ethnographic engagement. Encounters with lab staff and, in turn, with audiences unfamiliar with laboratory life, together provide crucial entry points for considering how the "messiness of the moral" might facilitate an "unbounded" approach to lab animal worlds. Within the lab, one encounters specialized ethical principles-often codified as law-that delimit strict boundaries of in/appropriate human thought and action. Such principles determine quotidian practices of welfare and care that, in peculiar ways, privilege animal health (as key to reliable data) while obscuring, erasing, or denying human forms of self care. As such, they presuppose a regulatory ability to formulate, shape, and (re)direct human action. Yet attentiveness to the "messiness of the moral" of lab work exposes other realities: indeed, lab personnel regularly engage in a host of subversive responses that test or cross the boundaries of mandated behavior that (re)invigorate the meaning of moral acts of care as interspecies responsibility. The ethnographer's ability to witness, record, and write about these actions within the lab rests comfortably on the relativist principle of suspended judgment. Once one moves outside the lab, however, I ask, wherein lies ethnographic responsibility, when one's accounts of the moral messiness of quotidian lab practices become unbounded and go public? I argue that a dialectical inter- and intraspecies framework-inspired by the existential anthropologist Michael Jackson-offers the ethnographer (and still other scholars) possibilities for forging a productively "unbounded" methodological analytic in and beyond domains of animal science.

Confidências e inconfidências na supervisão psicanalítica como convergência dos três modelos de formação / Confidences and inconfidences in psychoanalytical supervision as a convergence of the three models of training / Confidencias e infidencias en la supervisión psicoanalítica como convergencia de los tres modelos de formación

A supervisão foi concebida sob a forma de diagramas, cujas estruturas expressam como o autor organiza e executa sua prática supervisiva. Dentro disso, confidências são entendidas como provenientes do supervisionando, expressas pelo material clínico e demais manifestações. Por outro lado, inconfidências são aquelas intervenções feitas pelo supervisor ao revelar intimidades do que pensa sobre o material clínico, sobre o supervisionando e, desdobrando-se, sobre a sua própria experiência analítica. Repactuar experiências diversas, em setting distintos e de temporalidades anacrônicas, é o desafio imposto à dupla sob a forma de o estranho, conceito equivalente ao de objeto analítico ou de objeto analítico subjugador. De acordo com a técnica e com a estrutura usadas, o presente modelo de supervisão pode ser aplicado a qualquer supervisionando em treinamento da IPA, funcionando na convergência desses três modelos. O trabalho finaliza com um exemplo clínico, através do qual o autor procura ilustrar o exposto (Au)

Supervision was conceived as diagrams, whose structures express how the author organizes and executes their own supervisory practice. Within this, confidences are understood as coming from the supervisee, expressed by the clinical material and other manifestations. On the other hand, inconfidences are those interventions made by the supervisor, unveiling intimacies of their thoughts on the clinical material, on the supervisee, and unfolding over their own analytical experience. Conciliate different experiences, in different settings and anachronistic temporalities is the challenge imposed upon the pair in the form of uncanny, a concept ­ in this paper ­ equivalent to that of analytic object, intersubjective analytic third or "subjugating third". According to the technique and structure used, this model of supervision can be used for any supervisee in training by IPA, functioning in the intersection of these three models. This paper ends with a clinical example, by which the author tries to illustrate the above (Au)

La supervisión se concibió en forma de diagramas, cuyas estructuras expresan cómo el autor organiza y ejecuta su práctica supervisora. Dentro de eso, se entiende que las confidencias provienen del supervisado, expresadas por material clínico y demás manifestaciones. Por otro lado, las infidencias son aquellas intervenciones que realiza el supervisor al revelar intimidades de lo que piensa sobre el material clínico, sobre la persona supervisada y, desplegándose, sobre su propia experiencia analítica. Pactar otra vez diferentes experiencias, en diferentes settings y con temporalidades anacrónicas, es el desafío que se le impone al dúo en la forma de uncanny, concepto equivalente al de objeto analítico u objeto analítico subyugador. De acuerdo con la técnica y estructura utilizadas, el presente modelo de supervisión se puede aplicar a cualquier supervisado en formación de la IPA, funcionando en la convergencia de estos tres modelos. El trabajo finaliza con un ejemplo clínico, a través del cual el autor intenta ilustrar lo anterior (Au)

A função do cuidar e os vínculos / The caring function an its links / El papel del cuidado y los lazos

O autor pretende discutir alguns aspectos da função do cuidar. Do lugar do psicoterapeuta, que precisa acolher, tanto as demandas explícitas do paciente, como ouvir as mensagens que ecoam dos traumas e das vivências não elaboradas. Do lugar do paciente que busca ajuda para os seus sofrimentos psíquicos, sofrimentos estes que às vezes o impede de reconhecer as dores que também infringe. Quer na vivência dual das sessões de psicoterapia, quer na ressonância provocada pela vivência das terapias grupais, é em um lento processo de reconhecimento e elaboração que surgem as possibilidades de cuidar. Assim, cuidar é dar o suporte necessário para o processo entre o (re) conhecimento de sua dor, seus vínculos, e se (re) conhecer como sujeito histórico, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de novos recursos psíquicos, para as elaborações necessárias.

The author intends to discuss some aspects of the caring function. From the psychotherapist's position that needs to welcome both the explicit demands of the patient and listen to the messages echoing from the traumas and experiences that have not been worked out. From the patient's side, looking for help to solve his psychological sufferings, in such way that, sometimes, it prevents him/her from recognizing the pain that he/she infringes. Both as experience dual existence of psychotherapy sessions and the resonance provoked by the group therapies which involves a slow process of recognition and elaboration that emerges from the possibilities of taking care. So, caring means giving the necessary support to the process between acknowledge of the pain, its links and (re) discovering him herself as a historical subject, enabling the development of new psychic resources for the necessary elaborations.

El autor tiene la intención de discutir algunos aspectos de la función asistencial. Desde el lugar del psicoterapeuta, que debe aceptar tanto las demandas explícitas del paciente como escuchar los mensajes que resuenan del trauma y las experiencias poco elaboradas. Desde el lugar del paciente que busca ayuda para sus sufrimientos psíquicos, estos sufrimientos que a veces le impiden reconocer los dolores que también inflige. Tanto en la experiencia dual de las sesiones de psicoterapia como en la resonancia provocada por la experiencia de las terapias grupales, es en un lento proceso de reconocimiento y elaboración que surgen las posibilidades del cuidado. Por lo tanto, tener cuidado es proporcionar el apoyo necesario para el proceso entre (re) conocer su dolor, sus vínculos y (re) conocerse a sí mismos como un sujeto histórico, permitiendo el desarrollo de nuevos recursos psíquicos para las elaboraciones necesarias.

A re-consideration of interpretation. A relational approach.

This paper is a discussion paper and it seeks to re-consider the Freudian psychoanalytic concept of interpretation within the relational approach to psychoanalysis. As such, it aims to argue the Freudian approach to interpretation is rejected because it is not relational but involves only the analyst as interpreter of the patient's experience. Instead, within the relational approach, it is suggested that if interpretation, as a process of making meaning of experiences, is re-considered as the outcome of the intersubjective relationship in which the process of making-meaning is essentially a co-creational process of the patient's experience of the analyst in the here-and-now, interpretation can potentially be an agent of change. The clinical implication is that interpretation must be the construction of the patient's meaning of his experience but within the relational context. A clinical verbatim transcript is documented as it illustrates this relational process in interpretation.

The Experience of the Infant Entering Refuge (Shelter) Setting with Their Mothers After Fleeing Family Violence.

Almost nothing is known about how the infant may experience being in a women's Refuge (Shelter) setting with their mother after fleeing family violence, despite the high numbers of infants and young children in Refuges or Shelters. This research was concerned with exploring how the infant experienced refuge within a Refuge setting post family violence. Using a non-intrusive, ethically informed, 'infant led' approach, this research involved ten infants (aged 3 weeks to 16 months), ten mothers, and 13 staff in eight Refuges from three countries: Australia, Scotland and England. Data was collected through infant observation, interviews with mothers and then staff. Presented is a synthesis of a research methodology which was led by the infant, drew on concepts of 'inter-subjectivity' and used a constructivist grounded theory method. Infants were often lost from view within the Refuge setting. The mother, herself traumatised, was expected to be the refuge for her infant. Only the obviously distressed infant was assisted, and where available, from outside specialist workers. It was often too painful for the adults, both mothers and staff, to see or reflect on the infant's possible trauma. Significantly, in all cases the motivation for each mother to enter Refuge was ensuring their infant's safety. Concern for their infant or young child can be a powerful catalyst for women leaving a violent relationship. Refuges (Shelters) are in a unique position to respond to the infant in their own right whilst helping to heal and grow the infant/mother relationship.

Antropogénesis de la intersubjetividad / Anthropogenesis of intersubjectivity

Este trabajo analiza el doble vínculo entre antropogénesis e intersubjetividad desde un punto de vista antropológico, psicológico y cognitivo. Primero, se examina la significación psicológica y cognitiva de la muerte a partir de la discusión de la evidencia paleoantropológica de los primeros enterramientos del hombre de neandertal. Asimismo, se precisa su importancia en el origen del pensamiento simbólico y la constitución de la intersubjetividad. Segundo, se analiza y fundamenta el concepto de representación intersubjetiva como constructo metapsicológico que define la constitución de la subjetividad. Se profundiza en el carácter psico-cognitivo y bio-cultural de las representaciones intersubjetivas en el proceso de la antropogénesis. Tercero, se analizan los desarrollos de la teoría de las neuronas espejo y la teoría de la mente, las cuales brindan el fundamento neurocientífico y psicosocial de las representaciones intersubjetivas. Se concluye con la formulación de interrogantes para un programa de investigación interdisciplinario en antropogénesis de la intersubjetividad(AU)

This work analyzes the double bind between anthropogenesis and intersubjectivity from an anthropological, psychological, and cognitive point of view. First, we examine the psychological and cognitive significance of death from the discussion of the paleoanthropological evidence of the first Neanderthal burials. Likewise, we describe its importance in the origin of symbolic thought and the constitution of intersubjectivity. Second, we analyze the concept of intersubjective representation as a metapsychological construct that defines the constitution of subjectivity. We explore the psycho-cognitive and bio-cultural character of intersubjective representations in the process of anthropogenesis. Third, we discuss the contribution of mirror neuron theory and theory of mind, which provide the neuroscientific and psychosocial foundations for intersubjective representations. We conclude with a guideline for an interdisciplinary research program on the anthropogenesis of intersubjectivity(AU)

A economia 'psíquica' importa? descolonização e elementos subjetivos de re-inscrição social / Does 'psychic' economy matter? decolonization and subjective elements of social reinscription / La economia 'psíquica' importa ? decolonización y elementos subjetivos de re-inscripción social

O objetivo deste trabalho é enfocar a trama dos processos subjetivos desencadeada pela dominação colonial na relação que ela estabelece entre dominador e dominado: como se imbricam e se interpolam as forças vitais de cada parte, um para subjugar o outro e fazê-lo ceder, vergando-o sob o peso da astúcia, da sedução, do medo; o outro para se opor à tirania e ao controle, resistindo, lutando ou até preferindo morrer. O artigo traz o ponto de vista de diferentes autores vinculados as reflexões sobre pós- e descolonialidade e seus encaminhamentos quanto as possibilidades de resistência à violência da opressão. O foco na economia psíquica põe em relevo as conexões inexoráveis entre história pessoal e coletiva, valorizando posicionamentos ontológicos, epistemológicos e psicológicos que escapam às frequentes dicotomias e reducionismos ao buscar visibilizar as relações paradoxais entre dominador e dominado.

The aim of the present paper is to focus on the patchwork of subjective processes engendered by colonial domination within the scope of relations between the oppressor and the oppressed: how the vital forces of each side imbricate and interpolate each other, the former to subjugate the other and make him/her acquiesce either by astuteness, seduction or terror; the latter, to oppose tyranny and control by struggling, resisting or even, preferring death. The article discusses post- and decolonial scholarship in view of articulating how possibilities of resisting to violence are envisaged within this tradition. The focus on the psychic economy brings forth the inexorable connections between personal and collective history. These are analysed in their ontological, epistemological and psychological underpinnings in order to escape the frequent dichotomies and reductionisms whenever the paradoxical relations between the oppressor and the oppressed are at stake.

El objetivo de ese trabajo es discutir la trama de los procesos subjetivos engendrados por la dominación colonial en el ámbito de la relación que se establece entre opresor y oprimido: como se mezclan las fuerzas vitales de cada parte, una para someter la otra haciendo con que ceda bajo el peso de la astucia, la seducción o el miedo; la otra para se oponer a la tiranía, al control, resistiendo, luchando hasta casi escoger la muerte. El artigo presenta el punto de vista de diferentes autores asociados a la discusión pos- o decolonial y sus contribuciones a la temática de la resistencia a la violencia de la opresión. El foco sobre la economía psíquica pone en relievo el enlace inexorable entre la historia personal y la colectiva teniendo en cuenta posiciones ontológicas, epistemológicas y psicológicas que escapan dicotomías y reduccionismos comunes cuando se intenta volver visible las relaciones paradojales entre el señor y el sujeto dominado.

Entre padres e hijos con autismo: la experiencia de la intersubjetividad en el atrincherado aislamiento del niño / Between parents and children with autism: experience of intersubjectivity in the child's entrenched isolation

El artículo es una síntesis operada sobre un trabajo de investigación cuyo objeto de estudio es el tratamiento de niños pequeños, con signos clínicos de condición autista y sus padres. Plantea nexos entre la vulnerabilidad innata a desarrollar un proceso autístico y las modalidades con que los padres ejercen su función. Dicha investigación se llevó a cabo en el ámbito de la Universidad de Ciencias Sociales y Empresariales (UCES) Buenos Aires, 2007, bajo la forma de tesis de doctorado, y fue actualizada con el material clínico de diez pacientes que recibieron atención psicoterapéutica en consultorio privado, entre 2008 y 2016. Se comprobó que en niños con signos clínicos de autismo el proceso de regulación emocional entre él y sus padres está alterado. Ambos tienen dificultades para anticipar lo que el otro siente, piensa o desea. Es decir que tanto el niño como sus padres carecen de una teoría acerca de lo que recíprocamente les sucede. El marco teórico referencial está conformado por conceptualizaciones psicodinámicas que toman en cuenta la experiencia intersubjetiva en la emergencia de la subjetividad. (Freud, 1895; Maldavsky,1995; Rizzolatti,2004; Fonagy, 2007)(AU)

The article is an synthesis operated of research work whose subject matter is the treatment of young children with clinical signs of autistic condition and their parents. It raises links between the innate vulnerability to developing an autistic process and the ways in which parents exercise their role. This research was carried out in the field of the University of Social and Business Sciences(UCES) Buenos Aires, 2007, in the form of a doctoral thesis, and was updated with the clinical of ten patients who received psychotherapeutic care in private office, between 2008 and 2016. It was found that in children with clinical signs of autism the process of emotional regulation between him and his parents is altered. Both have difficulty anticipating what the other feels, thinks, or desires. In other words, both the child and his parents lack a theory about what happens to them. The referential theoretical framework consists of psychodynamic conceptualizations that take into account the intersubjective experience in the emergence of subjectivity. (Freud, 1895; Maldavsky,1995; Rizzolatti,2004; Fonagy, 2007)(AU)